Backend Fundamentals

Learn the core OS and protocol building blocks behind modern backend systems. Start here if you're new to backend engineering.

Beginner6 steps~1.2 hours
Progress0/6
01Bits & BinaryFoundations

Bitwise operators, memory storage hierarchy, and binary representation.

10 min read

02Processes & ThreadsFoundations

How operating systems coordinate program execution and context switches.

10 min read

03Virtual MemoryFoundations

How operating systems isolate memory pages and translate virtual addresses.

10 min read

04File DescriptorsFoundations

Everything is a file: stdin, stdout, sockets, and I/O multiplexing.

10 min read

05HTTP ProtocolFoundations

Methods, headers, status codes, and the request/response lifecycle.

12 min read

06IdempotencyAPI Design

Making repeated client operations safe from duplication bugs.

15 min read